In a landmark move towards economic reform, New York set a precedent in abolishing the imprisonment for debt, catalyzing a domino effect as numerous other states swiftly adopted this more humane approach to financial insolvency. By ending the punitive practice of incarcerating individuals for failing to pay minor debts—often a consequence of creditors leveraging warrants against them—the New York Legislature initiated a significant shift towards compassionate economic policy. This reform not only liberated countless individuals from the dire circumstances of debtors' prisons but also reflected an evolving understanding of justice and economic fairness in the early 19th century.
1831 was also a year of political innovation, as evidenced by the Anti-Masonic party hosting the first presidential nominating convention in American history. This pioneering event, which saw the nomination of William Wirt, a former attorney general, as the party's candidate, marked a transformative moment in the American electoral process. The convention introduced a structured method for political parties to formally select and endorse candidates for the presidency, thereby laying the groundwork for modern political campaigning and the institutionalization of party politics in the United States.
Additionally, the year witnessed a technological breakthrough with the debut journey of the John Bull, America's first steam-powered railroad engine, in Bordentown, New Jersey. Assembled by a local mechanic from parts shipped from England, and costing $4,000, the John Bull's inaugural run, though just over a mile, was met with enthusiastic acclaim from spectators. This historic moment signified the advent of the railroad era in the United States, heralding a future of enhanced mobility and economic opportunity that would forever alter the American landscape, driving commerce, connectivity, and growth in unprecedented ways.
(1816-1857)
Coronet Head, 1816-1839
In 1814, as Napoleon’s troops prepared for their final battle against the armies of England and her continental allies, England’s second war—against the United States—seemed far removed from her vital national interests. Naval defeats on the Great Lakes made it impossible to successfully prosecute the war, and Jackson’s defense of New Orleans had dampened the Foreign Office’s enthusiasm for a military victory. During the two years of hostilities, however, while victory eluded the British, harassing actions continued on the high seas and commerce was disrupted whenever possible, affecting many aspects of American life.
By 1814, U.S. copper coinage had also become a casualty of the war. For more than twenty years the Mint had purchased blank, copper planchets from the English manufacturer, Boulton & Watt of Liverpool. Early in the war supplies stopped, and by 1814 the last of the imported copper blanks had been turned into cents of the “Classic Head” design. Although no copper planchets were available for coinage in 1815, this idle year proved useful, as it allowed a new obverse design to be engraved for cents and marked the beginning of a new era of mechanization and uniformity.
The Mint had been harshly criticized since it struck its first coins in 1793. As an institution it had become increasingly sensitive to public ridicule. Shortly after the Classic Head cent was introduced in 1808, critics pointed out that the fillet on Liberty’s head had not been worn by women in Classical times but was given as a prize to boy athletes who had won town games. Desiring a new design, but wishing to avoid further embarrassment, Mint officials bypassed Assistant Engraver John Reich (who they had previously chosen over Chief Engraver Robert Scot to create the Classic Head) and assigned Scot to redesign the cent. Scot’s creation went into production in 1816 and was a resounding artistic failure, but it did have one redeeming quality: no one could mistake the new Liberty for a boy athlete.
The new design featured an enlarged head of Liberty. The fillet holding the hair on the previous Classic Head series was replaced by a coronet and the word LIBERTY was added in relief. The reverse was essentially unchanged and retained the “Christmas wreath” of Reich’s 1808 design. While generally referred to as the “Coronet” type, this is not a universally accepted name. Some collectors prefer “Matron Head.” Dr. William Sheldon, author of the standard reference for cents struck from 1793 to 1814, scathingly remarked that the figure of Liberty on these coins “resembled the head of an obese ward boss instead of a lady.”
During the 24 years of the Coronet design (1816-1839), the Philadelphia Mint produced a total of 51,706,473 pieces. Among numerous overdates and varieties, one in particular stands out: 1817 with fifteen stars on the obverse. Why this coin has fifteen stars is still a subject of debate, but one theory has it that Scot erred while punching in the devices and spaced the first several stars too close to one another. Wishing to save the die, he added enough stars to balance the design, exceeding by two the normally required thirteen stars.
While none of the dates in the series are outstanding rarities, the “key” date is 1823. It is scarce in all grades. Although counterfeits in the series are rarely seen, several generations of restrikes for the 1823 cents exist, each with successively larger and larger die breaks on the obverse. The years of 1835 through 1839, redesigned by either William Kneass before his stroke or Christian Gobrecht afterward, are considered transitional. While the design differs in several significant aspects, these years are generally collected within the Coronet series. In 1839, four different varieties were struck, among which are two of the most widely collected in 19th century numismatics: the so-called Silly Head and the Booby Head.
Proofs are very rare and were generally made only for diplomatic presentation sets. Several dates are reported to have a proof finish on the obverse and mint frost on the reverse. Allegedly, these “one-sided proofs” were struck for collectors who wished to display their coins with the obverse side up and did not care how the reverse was finished.
Grading Coronet cents is relatively uncomplicated due to the coin’s simple design. Wear first shows on the highpoints of the hair curls and on the highpoints of the leaves. A caveat, however: Many copper collectors use grading standards agreed upon by the Early American Coppers Society, and application of these standards can be quite confusing to non-specialists.
Collected as type coins, by date and by die variety, Coronet cents are a fascinating series. For the variety specialist, the standard reference was for many years Howard Newcomb’s United States Large Cents 1816-1857. While Newcomb’s numbering system is still used, collectors will find it easier to attribute these varieties with more recent and well illustrated books by William C. Noyes and John D. Wright (see Bibliography).
Due to a numismatically fortuitous event over 125 years ago, the condition conscious type collector will find this series particularly interesting. Shortly after the Civil War, a large keg was found beneath an old railway platform in Georgia. Upon opening, it was discovered to contain approximately 14,000 large cents dated from 1816 through 1820. All the coins were uncirculated, but many showed carbon flecks from moisture in the atmosphere. The keg was sold to a dry-goods merchant in Norwich, New York who attempted to pass the old coins out to customers as a publicity stunt, but many people refused what was by that time an unfamiliar coin. The remainder of the keg was sold to John Randall, a Norwich coin collector, for 90 cents on the dollar. Randall sold the coins off slowly over the years, in spite of the rumors that they were restrikes. In 1878, as part of Randall’s estate, the remaining 2,116 Coronet cents from the hoard were sold at public auction. The 1819s brought $1.28 each, but most of the other dates realized only 5-7 cents apiece. Almost all mint state cents from 1816-1820, many of which still possess original mint red color, are from Randall’s hoard. Dates from the 1820s, however, are quite rare in mint state.
When new in 1816 the Coronet design represented the latest in mint technology and design, but by 1839 both design and manufacturing methods were overtaken by the advent of the steam powered coin press. New designs were the order of the day, and the old Coronet cent passed into the quaintness of a bygone era, replaced by Christian Gobrecht’s Braided Hair design.
Coin Descriptions Provided by Numismatic Guaranty Corporation (NGC)
